When we talk about things that happened in the past but don’t happen any more we can do it in different ways.

We can say how sure we feel about the future by using modal verbs. There are also other phrases we can use to express our certainty or uncertainty about future events.

We use both present perfect tenses to talk about things where there is a connection between the past and the present.

Question tags are the short questions that we put on the end of sentences – particularly in spoken English.